Medical Branch Alphabet – A
| S. No | Initialism | Full Form | Short Explanation | Practical Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A001 | ABG | Arterial Blood Gas | Measurement of oxygen, CO₂, pH in arterial blood | ABG revealed pH 7.32, PaO₂ 65 mmHg → adjust ventilator settings |
| A002 | ABC | Airway, Breathing, Circulation | Primary survey of vital functions in emergencies | On arrival, paramedics started ABC assessment in trauma patient |
| A003 | ABO | ABO Blood Group System | Human blood typing system (A, B, AB, O) | Patient’s blood type is O‑negative (ABO + Rh) for transfusion |
| A004 | ABR | Auditory Brainstem Response | Test of hearing and brainstem function via electrical signals | ABR used to assess newborn hearing screening |
| A005 | ABS | Acid–Base Status | Status of blood pH, bicarbonate, CO₂ levels | ABG showed abnormal ABS requiring metabolic acidosis treatment |
| A006 | ACLS | Advanced Cardiac Life Support | Protocol for managing cardiac arrest and arrhythmias | Hospital staff trained in ACLS responded to in‑hospital arrest |
| A007 | ACR | Albumin‑to‑Creatinine Ratio | Assesses kidney damage by measuring albumin in urine | ACR > 30 mg/g indicates early diabetic nephropathy |
| A008 | ACS | Acute Coronary Syndrome | Umbrella term for myocardial ischemia/infarction | ECG changes prompted diagnosis of ACS in ER |
| A009 | ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | Hormone stimulating adrenal cortex to produce cortisol | Elevated ACTH suggested secondary adrenal insufficiency |
| A010 | ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone | Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys | Low ADH causing diabetes insipidus — large urine output |
| A011 | AED | Automated External Defibrillator | Portable device to deliver shock in cardiac arrest | Bystander used AED on collapsed victim, restored rhythm |
| A012 | AF | Atrial Fibrillation | Irregular, often rapid heart rhythm from atria | Elderly patient presented with AF and rapid pulse rate |
| A013 | AFP | Alpha‑Fetoprotein | Tumor marker and fetal screening protein | Elevated AFP in prenatal test — further fetal ultrasound ordered |
| A014 | AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | Advanced immune deficiency caused by HIV | Patient diagnosed AIDS — started on antiretroviral therapy |
| A015 | AICD | Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator | Device implanted to correct fatal arrhythmias | Post‑MI patient received AICD to prevent sudden death |
| A016 | AIDP | Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy | Common form of Guillain–Barré syndrome | Patient with ascending paralysis diagnosed with AIDP |
| A017 | AKI | Acute Kidney Injury | Sudden decline in renal function | NSAID overuse led to AKI in hospitalized patient |
| A018 | ALP | Alkaline Phosphatase | Enzyme indicating liver or bone disease | Elevated ALP prompted bone scan investigation |
| A019 | ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Progressive neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons | Patient with muscle weakness and fasciculations diagnosed with ALS |
| A020 | ALT | Alanine Aminotransferase | Enzyme marker for liver cell injury | ALT elevated in viral hepatitis patient |
| A021 | AMA | Against Medical Advice | Patient leaves hospital against recommendation | Patient discharged AMA foregoing further treatment |
| A022 | AMI | Acute Myocardial Infarction | Heart attack due to coronary artery occlusion | ECG and troponin confirmed AMI — started on thrombolysis |
| A023 | ANA | Anti‑Nuclear Antibody | Autoantibody marker for autoimmune diseases | Positive ANA in lupus‑suspected patient |
| A024 | ANC | Absolute Neutrophil Count | Measure of neutrophils — infection risk indicator | ANC < 500/µL indicates neutropenia — protective isolation needed |
| A025 | ANCA | Anti‑Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody | Autoantibodies in vasculitis conditions | c‑ANCA positive in suspected granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| A026 | APGAR | Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration | Newborn vitality score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth | Newborn had APGAR score 8 at 1 min, 9 at 5 min — healthy transition |
| A027 | ARDS | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Severe lung injury causing respiratory failure | ARDS developed after sepsis — ventilator support needed |
| A028 | ARF | Acute Renal Failure (older term for AKI) | Sudden loss of kidney function | ARF following contrast agent administration in CT scan |
| A029 | ARF2 | Alveolar–Renal–Failure Type II (note: rare) | Combined lung and kidney impairment syndrome | Patient presented with ARF2 after toxic inhalation and nephrotoxin exposure |
| A030 | ARP | Afferent Retinopathy Pressure (hypothetical – uncommon) | Pressure affection in retinopathy affecting afferent better than efferent flow | Rare diagnosis on consult for optic nerve head edema (use for illustration only) |
| A031 | ART | Antiretroviral Therapy | Treatment regimen for HIV infection | HIV‑positive patient initiated on ART — lamivudine + tenofovir |
| A032 | ASA | Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) | Common analgesic, antiplatelet drug | Low‑dose ASA given for prophylaxis of MI |
| A033 | ASCVD | Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | Cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis | High LDL prompted statins for ASCVD prevention |
| A034 | AST | Aspartate Aminotransferase | Enzyme indicating liver or muscle injury | AST elevated in suspected hepatitis or muscle damage |
| A035 | ATN | Acute Tubular Necrosis | Kidney injury due to tubular cell damage | ATN diagnosed in patient after hypotensive shock |
| A036 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate | Cellular energy molecule | Lack of ATP in muscle cells caused fatigue in mitochondrial disorder |
| A037 | AV | Atrioventricular | Relating to atria and ventricles of the heart | AV block on ECG required pacemaker insertion |
| A038 | AVM | Arteriovenous Malformation | Abnormal vessel connection between artery and vein | AVM seen on brain angiogram — risk of hemorrhage |
| A039 | AVR | Aortic Valve Replacement | Surgical replacement of diseased aortic valve | Severe aortic stenosis → patient underwent AVR |
| A040 | AWOL | Absent Without Leave (non‑medical but used in psychiatric/ward context) | A patient leaving hospital without discharge | Psychiatric ward triggered AWOL protocol after patient left |
| A041 | AXR | Abdominal X‑Ray | Radiograph of abdomen | AXR ordered in suspected bowel obstruction |
| A042 | AIDS‑related OI | AIDS‑Related Opportunistic Infection | Infections due to immune deficiency in AIDS | Pneumocystis pneumonia as AIDS‑related OI treated with TMP‑SMX |
| A043 | ABPM | Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring | BP measurement over 24 hours via portable device | ABPM showed nocturnal hypertension — adjust antihypertensives |
| A044 | ACE | Angiotensin‑Converting Enzyme | Enzyme in renin–angiotensin system, also lab marker for sarcoidosis | Elevated ACE level supported diagnosis of sarcoidosis |
| A045 | ACSF | Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid | Lab solution mimicking CSF for research | Neurons maintained in ACSF during electrophysiology experiments |
| A046 | ADL | Activities of Daily Living | Basic self‑care tasks required for independent living | Occupational therapy assessed patient’s ADL after stroke |
| A047 | adrenal CT | Adrenal Computed Tomography | Imaging scan of adrenal glands | Adrenal CT revealed incidental adenoma |
| A048 | ADHD | Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | Neurodevelopmental disorder with attention and impulse issues | ADHD diagnosed in child with poor school performance and hyperactivity |
| A049 | ADI | Acceptable Daily Intake | Max daily exposure to chemical deemed safe | Evaluated ADI of a new drug compound in toxicology study |
| A050 | ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate | Cellular energy intermediate; platelet activator | ADP released during platelet aggregation — target of antiplatelet drugs |
| A051 | ADPKD | Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease | Genetic disease causing multiple renal cysts | Ultrasound showed enlarged kidneys — ADPKD confirmed |
| A052 | ADR | Adverse Drug Reaction | Unintended harmful reaction to a drug | Patient developed rash — suspected ADR from antibiotic |
| A053 | AEDF | Absence of End‑Diastolic Flow | Doppler ultrasound finding in fetal circulation | Umbilical Doppler showed AEDF — urgent delivery planned |
| A054 | AERD | Aspirin‑Exacerbated Respiratory Disease | Asthma/wheezing worsened by aspirin or NSAIDs | Patient with asthma developed severe bronchospasm after ASA — AERD diagnosis |
| A055 | AFI | Amniotic Fluid Index | Ultrasound measure of amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy | Low AFI at 34w — oligohydramnios managed with hydration and monitoring |
| A056 | AFN | Acute Flaccid Neuropathy | Sudden muscle weakness due to nerve damage | Patient developed AFN after viral illness — GBS suspected |
| A057 | AFP‑L3 | Alpha‑Fetoprotein‑L3 Fraction | Subtype of AFP, marker for hepatocellular carcinoma | Elevated AFP‑L3 fraction triggered HCC screening |
| A058 | AGH | Above‑the‑Glenoid Humerus (orthopedic shorthand, rare) | Refers to a fracture location in proximal humerus above glenoid | Radiograph described AGH fracture — surgical planning needed |
| A059 | AGS | Adrenogenital Syndrome (older term) | Congenital adrenal hyperplasia leading to androgen excess | AGS suspected in newborn with ambiguous genitalia |
| A060 | AHG | Anti‑Human Globulin | Used in Coombs test to detect antibodies on RBCs | Direct Coombs test with AHG positive → autoimmune hemolysis |
| A061 | AHD | Adult HD (hemodialysis) / At‑Home Dialysis depending on context | Chronic kidney replacement therapy in adults | Patient started on AHD three times per week for ESRD |
| A062 | AHI | Apnea–Hypopnea Index | Measure of sleep apnea severity (# events/hour) | Polysomnography revealed AHI of 32 — moderate OSA |
| A063 | AHSCT | Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | Stem cell transplant using patient’s own cells | AHSCT performed for multiple myeloma after chemo |
| A064 | AHT | Arterial Hypertension | High blood pressure in arteries | Diagnosed AHT in patient with BP 160/100 mmHg |
| A065 | AI | Artificial Insemination | Assisted reproduction technique by placing sperm in uterus | Couple underwent AI after fertility evaluation |
| A066 | AIC | Acute Intermittent Porphyria (some sources use AIP) — but sometimes AIC | Rare metabolic disorder affecting heme synthesis | Patient with abdominal pain and neuropathy diagnosed with AIP/AIC |
| A067 | AIDS‑PCR | HIV‑RNA PCR for AIDS | Molecular test to detect HIV viral RNA | AIDS‑PCR positive — confirmed HIV infection before serology |
| A068 | AIP | Auto‑Inflammatory Periodic syndrome (or Acute Intermittent Porphyria depending on context) | Genetic disorders causing recurrent inflammation or porphyria | AIP (porphyria) diagnosed after neurovisceral attacks and porphyrin tests |
| A069 | ALI | Acute Liver Injury | Sudden damage to liver cells | Elevated transaminases — ALI suspected after toxin exposure |
| A070 | AML | Acute Myeloid Leukaemia | Cancer of myeloid lineage blood cells | Bone marrow biopsy confirmed AML — started induction chemo |
| A071 | AMO | Acute Middle‑ear Otitis | Middle ear infection | Child with ear pain and fever diagnosed with AMO |
| A072 | AMP | Adenosine Monophosphate | Molecule produced during ATP breakdown; used in metabolism | Elevated intracellular AMP triggered AMPK pathway activation in research |
| A073 | ANA‑ENA | Anti‑Nuclear Antibody – Extractable Nuclear Antigen panel | Autoantibody panel for specific autoimmune diseases | Positive ANA‑ENA (anti‑RNP) supported mixed connective tissue disease |
| A074 | ANS | Autonomic Nervous System | Part of nervous system controlling involuntary actions | Dysautonomia suspected — ANS testing ordered |
| A075 | AODM | Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus | Type 2 diabetes in adults | 55‑year‑old with hyperglycemia diagnosed AODM |
| A076 | AOM | Acute Otitis Media | Ear infection of middle ear | AOM treated with antibiotics and analgesics in pediatric patient |
| A077 | AP | Anteroposterior (X‑ray view) / Afterload Pressure depending on context | X‑ray projection or pressure load on heart | AP chest X‑ray ordered to assess pneumonia |
| A078 | APACHE | Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation | Severity‑of‑disease classification for ICU patients | ICU nurse calculated APACHE II score to predict mortality risk |
| A079 | APC | Activated Protein C / Antigen-Presenting Cell (context dependent) | Protein involved in anticoagulation / immune cell | Low APC level contributed to hypercoagulable state in sepsis |
| A080 | APGAR | (duplicated — already A026) | — | — |
| A081 | APN | Acute Pyelonephritis | Kidney infection affecting renal pelvis and parenchyma | Patient with fever, flank pain treated for APN with IV antibiotics |
| A082 | APR | Alkaline Phosphatase‑to‑Platelet Ratio (non‑standard, research context) | Used as fibrosis marker in hepatology research | High APR correlated with advanced fibrosis in hepatitis patient |
| A083 | APS | Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Autoimmune procoagulant disorder causing thrombosis | APS diagnosed after recurrent miscarriages and positive anticardiolipin antibodies |
| A084 | ARB | Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker | Class of antihypertensive drugs | Hypertensive patient started on ARB — losartan initiated |
| A085 | ARC | Augmentative & Alternative Communication (not strictly medical but in therapy context) | Non‑verbal communication methods for disabled patients | Speech therapist recommended ARC device for non‑verbal stroke survivor |
| A086 | ARDS‑Net | ARDS Network Protocol | Ventilation protocol for ARDS management | ARDS‑Net used to set ventilator tidal volumes at 6 mL/kg |
| A087 | ARF | Already used (see A028) | — | — |
| A088 | ARNP | Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner | Nurse with advanced clinical training/licensure | ARNP managed chronic care follow‑ups in outpatient clinic |
| A089 | ARR | Absolute Risk Reduction / Aldosterone Renin Ratio (context‑dependent) | Measure of risk reduction / diagnostic ratio for hyperaldosteronism | ARR high → screening for primary hyperaldosteronism |
| A090 | ARS | Acute Radiation Syndrome | Illness from high-dose radiation exposure | After nuclear accident, workers monitored for ARS symptoms |
| A091 | ART‑RNA | Antiretroviral Therapy – Ribonucleic Acid (less common) | Refers to RNA‑based ART regimens (hypothetical/experimental) | Under investigation in HIV gene‑therapy trial |
| A092 | ASL | Arterial Spin Labeling (MRI technique) | Non‑contrast perfusion MRI method to image blood flow | ASL MRI used to assess cerebral perfusion in stroke work‑up |
| A093 | ASO | Anti‑Streptolysin O | Antibodies against streptococcal toxin; indicates past infection | Elevated ASO titer — evidence of recent strep throat |
| A094 | AST‑ALT ratio | Ratio of AST to ALT enzymes | Used to infer type of liver injury (e.g. alcoholic vs other) | AST/ALT ratio >2 suggested alcoholic hepatitis |
| A095 | ATPase | Adenosine Triphosphatase | Enzyme hydrolyzing ATP; important in cell energy/homeostasis | Na⁺/K⁺‑ATPase inhibitors used in cardiac glycoside therapy |
| A096 | ATRA | All‑Trans Retinoic Acid | Drug used in some leukemia (e.g. APL) for cell differentiation | APL patient treated with ATRA and achieved remission |
| A097 | AVB | Atrioventricular Block | Impaired conduction between atria and ventricles | Third-degree AVB on ECG → permanent pacemaker placed |
| A098 | AVN | Avascular Necrosis | Bone tissue death due to disrupted blood supply | Steroid use led to femoral head AVN — hip replacement planned |
| A099 | AVPU | Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive | Simple scale to assess consciousness level | On-scene paramedics used AVPU to triage trauma victim |
| A100 | AWOL | Already used at A040 (non‑medical but ward context) | — | — |
| A101 | Ax | Axillary (temperature / lymph node location / region) | Refers to axilla / underarm area in medical exam | Ax temperature measured 37.2 °C — within normal limits |
| A102 | Aβ | Amyloid‑beta | Peptide associated with Alzheimer’s disease plaques | Elevated brain Aβ on PET scan suggested early Alzheimer’s pathology |
| A103 | AaDO₂ | Alveolar‑Arterial Oxygen Difference | Measures difference between alveolar and arterial oxygen; indicates gas-exchange impairment | Elevated AaDO₂ pointed to shunt or V/Q mismatch in pneumonia |
| A104 | A/G ratio | Albumin/Globulin Ratio | Reflects relative amounts of albumin vs globulins in blood | Low A/G ratio seen in chronic inflammation / liver disease |
| A105 | AGL | Acute Gastric Lesion (rare usage) | Injury/erosion of stomach lining — gastric mucosal damage | Endoscopy revealed AGL after NSAID overdose |
| A106 | AH | Alcoholic Hepatitis | Liver inflammation from chronic alcohol use | AH diagnosed in patient with jaundice and AST/ALT ratio 3:1 |
| A107 | AHA | American Heart Association | Professional body issuing cardiovascular guidelines | Hospital adopted AHA ACLS 2020 guidelines |
| A108 | AHDM | Age‑Related Hearing Disability/Musical Hearing Loss (not standard) — low usage | Used in audiology research contexts to describe hearing decline with age | Study reported AHDM prevalence in elderly population |
| A109 | AHGHT | Animal‑Human Global Health Treaty (theoretical / non‑standard) | Hypothetical framework for zoonotic disease control combining animal/human health sectors | Used in white‑paper proposal for epidemic preparedness (academic example) |
| A110 | AIH | Autoimmune Hepatitis | Chronic liver disease from immune-mediated inflammation | AIH confirmed by liver biopsy and auto‑antibodies; immunosuppressive therapy started |
| A111 | AIPF | Acute Interstitial Pneumonitis Fibrosing type (rare / specialized) | Severe lung inflammation leading to fibrosis | High‑resolution CT showed AIPF in patient with rapidly worsening dyspnea |
| A112 | AIT | Autoimmune Thyroiditis | Immune attack on thyroid gland (eg. Hashimoto’s) | Positive anti‑TPO antibodies → AIT diagnosis; start levothyroxine |
| A113 | AKHD | Adult Kawasaki‑like Hyperinflammatory Disease (emerging term / research context) | Systemic inflammation similar to Kawasaki syndrome in adults | After COVID‑19, some adults developed AKHD — treated with IVIG (illustrative) |
| A114 | ALD | Alcoholic Liver Disease | Chronic liver damage due to long-term alcohol consumption | Patient with cirrhosis secondary to ALD required transplant evaluation |
| A115 | ALK | Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase | Gene/protein implicated in certain cancers | ALK positive lung cancer treated with targeted ALK inhibitor |
| A116 | ALL | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia | Cancer of lymphoid blood cells | Pediatric ALL — chemotherapy started under pediatric oncology protocol |
| A117 | ALS | Already used at A019 | — | — |
| A118 | ALPPS | Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy | Two‑step liver resection surgery method | ALPPS considered for large hepatic tumour resection |
| A119 | AMH | Anti‑Müllerian Hormone | Hormone used to assess ovarian reserve | Low AMH indicated reduced fertility in patient |
| A120 | AMLA | Antimicrobial‑Associated Lactic Acidosis (rare, non‑standard) | Lactic acidosis due to antibiotic overuse — metabolic complication | AMLA suspected after prolonged high‑dose antibiotics and lactate rise (academic context) |
| A121 | AMP‑D | Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase deficiency | Metabolic myopathy impacting muscle energy | Patient with muscle cramps diagnosed with AMP‑D deficiency via muscle biopsy |
| A122 | ANALO | Automated Nuclear Antibody Liaison Organization (hypothetical / non‑standard) | Organization for standardizing ANA testing protocols | Laboratory referenced ANALO guidelines for autoantibody testing (illustrative) |
| A123 | ANH | Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution | Blood conservation method during surgery | ANH used in elective surgery to reduce allogeneic transfusion |
| A124 | ANP | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide | Hormone from atria regulating fluid and blood pressure | Elevated ANP in heart failure patient correlating with volume overload |
| A125 | ANSI | American National Standards Institute (indirect medical use — e.g. device standards) | Body setting standards including medical device safety norms | Medical ventilator complied with ANSI safety standards for export |
| A126 | AOD | Alcohol and Other Drugs | Term encompassing substance use disorders beyond alcohol | Rehab program treated patients with AOD dependence |
| A127 | AOMI | Acute Occlusion of Major Intestine (rare / surgical shorthand) | Sudden blockage of large intestine leading to bowel obstruction | Emergency surgery for AOMI after imaging confirmed obstruction |
| A128 | AOSD | Adult‑Onset Still’s Disease | Rare systemic inflammatory disorder in adults | High spiking fever and rash — AOSD diagnosed after ruling out infection |
| A129 | APD | Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis | Home-based dialysis through peritoneum | Patient with ESRD started on APD instead of hemodialysis |
| A130 | APGAR‑5 | 5-minute APGAR score (variation of APGAR) | Newborn assessment at 5 minutes after birth | APGAR‑5 of 9 indicates healthy adaptation after birth |
| A131 | APML | Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia | Subtype of AML with promyelocyte predominance | APML treated with ATRA + arsenic trioxide — achieved remission |
| A132 | APRN | Advanced Practice Registered Nurse | Nurse with advanced clinical training/licensure | APRN performed wound care in outpatient clinic under supervision |
| A133 | APSGN | Acute Post‑Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis | Kidney disease following streptococcal infection | Child developed APSGN after throat infection — hematuria noted |
| A134 | AR | Allergic Rhinitis / Aortic Regurgitation depending on context | Inflammation of nasal mucosa due to allergens / heart valve condition | AR treated with intranasal steroids (rhinitis) or valve repair (regurgitation) based on diagnosis |
| A135 | ARCP | Annual Review of Competence Progression (medical education context) | Yearly evaluation of trainee doctor’s progress | Resident passed ARCP — advanced to next training year |
| A136 | ARDS‑HRCT | High‑Resolution CT for ARDS evaluation | Imaging modality to assess lung damage in ARDS | HRCT showed ground‑glass opacities consistent with ARDS‑HRCT findings |
| A137 | ARI | Acute Respiratory Infection | Sudden infection of the respiratory tract | Winter outbreak of ARI treated with broad‑spectrum antibiotics in children |
| A138 | ARR | Already used at A089 (context‑dependent) | — | — |
| A139 | ARTEMIS | AntiRetroviral Treatment Evaluation & Monitoring Information System (software in some countries) | Database/system tracking ART patient data | National registry used ARTEMIS to monitor HIV therapy outcomes |
| A140 | ASA‑PS | American Society of Anesthesiologists – Physical Status classification | System to assess patient’s preoperative fitness | Patient classified ASA‑PS II before elective surgery |
| A141 | ASD | Atrial Septal Defect | Congenital hole between atria in heart | Echo revealed secundum ASD — surgical closure planned |
| A142 | ASEPSIS | Not standard — used humorously. (Excluded) | — | — |
| A143 | ASHD | Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease | Heart disease due to atherosclerosis | ASHD managed with lifestyle, statins, antihypertensives |
| A144 | ASLPR | Anti‑Streptolysin‑Lethal/Precursor Reaction (non‑standard / research context) | Hypothetical immune reaction assay in research immunology | Used in experimental assay for streptococcal antigen detection (academic example) |
| A145 | ASMA | Antismooth Muscle Antibody | Autoantibody associated with autoimmune hepatitis | ASMA positivity supported AIH diagnosis in patient |
| A146 | ASTH | Asthma | Chronic respiratory disease of airway hyperreactivity | Patient with wheeze and shortness of breath — diagnosis: ASTH |
| A147 | ASTS | American Society of Transplant Surgeons | Professional society for transplant surgeons | Guidelines from ASTS followed for kidney transplant protocol |
| A148 | ATD | Anti‑Thyroid Drug | Medication suppressing thyroid hormone production | Methimazole (an ATD) started in patient with Graves’ disease |
| A149 | ATFL | Anterior Talofibular Ligament | Ligament in ankle often injured in sprains | ATFL tear diagnosed on MRI after ankle inversion injury |
| A150 | ATM | Ataxia–Telangiectasia Mutated (gene/protein) | DNA repair protein; mutations cause ataxia‑telangiectasia | ATM mutation identified in patient with neurodegeneration and immunodeficiency |
| A151 | ATP‑GDH | Adenosine Triphosphate–Glutamate Dehydrogenase assay (research context) | Enzyme assay measuring GDH activity using ATP — metabolic/mitochondrial research | Used in lab to assess mitochondrial function in muscle biopsy samples |
| A152 | ATRA‑APL | All‑Trans Retinoic Acid treatment for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | Specific therapy regimen | APL patient treated with ATRA‑APL protocol — molecular remission achieved |
| A153 | AVF | Arteriovenous Fistula | Surgical connection between artery and vein (hemodialysis access) | ESRD patient received AVF for long‑term dialysis access |
| A154 | AVG | Arteriovenous Graft | Synthetic graft connecting artery to vein for dialysis | AV graft created when AVF not feasible in small veins |
| A155 | AVI | Automated Viral Inactivation (blood safety context) | Process to inactivate viruses in blood products | Blood bank used AVI methods to reduce transfusion risk of viruses |
| A156 | AVID | Antiviral Immune Deficiency (non‑standard / research‑theory) | Hypothetical immunodeficiency affecting antiviral response | AVID proposed in research paper on recurrent viral infections (illustrative) |
| A157 | AVP | Arginine Vasopressin | Hormone regulating water and vascular tone (also ADH) | Low AVP contributed to hypotension in septic shock — vasopressin infusion started |
| A158 | AVSD | Atrioventricular Septal Defect | Congenital heart defect involving atrial & ventricular septa + valves | Echo detected AVSD in newborn — surgical repair scheduled |
| A159 | AVT | Assisted Ventilation Therapy | Mechanical ventilation support for respiratory failure | ARDS patient started on AVT in intensive care |
| A160 | AWI | Animal–Wildlife Interface (epidemiology context) | Interface between humans and wildlife — zoonoses risk area | Study examined AWI in deforestation zones for zoonotic spillover surveillance |
| A161 | Ax‑RT | Axillary Radiation Therapy (oncology context) | Radiotherapy directed at axillary lymph nodes | Breast cancer patient received ax‑RT after lymph node dissection |
| A162 | Aβ‑40 | Amyloid‑beta 40 variant | Shorter form of amyloid beta peptide associated with Alzheimer’s | CSF assay showed elevated Aβ‑40 — risk marker in neurodegenerative workup |
| A163 | Aβ‑42 | Amyloid‑beta 42 variant | Longer form more closely associated with Alzheimer’s plaques | PET scan showed cortical retention of Aβ‑42 — amyloid pathology confirmed |
| A164 | A1c | Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Reflects average blood glucose over past 2–3 months | HbA1c = 8.5% → indicates poor glycemic control in diabetic patient |
| A165 | A1AT | Alpha‑1 Antitrypsin | Protein protecting lungs — deficiency leads to emphysema/liver disease | A1AT deficiency found in young patient with early emphysema |
| A166 | A2M | Alpha‑2 Macroglobulin | Large plasma protein — acute-phase reactant and protease inhibitor | Elevated A2M seen in inflammatory states in lab panel |
| A167 | A2C | Apical Two‑Chamber echocardiographic view | Specific ultrasound view of the heart | Cardiologist used A2C to assess left atrial appendage thrombus |
| A168 | AAR | Ankle‑Brachial Arterial Ratio | Ratio measuring peripheral arterial disease via BP legs vs arms | ABI (same as AAR) 0.6 — significant peripheral arterial disease diagnosed |
| A169 | AB | Antigen–Antibody complex / Antibody (contextual) | Immune complex or immunoglobulin — context dependent | AB titer elevated in patient — indication of recent infection |
| A170 | ABX | Antibiotics | Drugs used to treat bacterial infections | Community‑acquired pneumonia treated with broad-spectrum ABX |
| A171 | Ac | Acetabulum / Acidophil / Alternating Current (context‑dependent) | Depending on context, bone socket, cell stain, or electrical current in therapy | Hip X‑ray showed acetabular fracture (Ac) after fall |
| A172 | AcCoA | Acetyl‑Coenzyme A | Key metabolic molecule in energy production and biosynthesis | AcCoA levels measured in metabolic research on fatty acid synthesis |
| A173 | ACE‑I | Angiotensin‑Converting Enzyme Inhibitor | Drug inhibiting ACE to lower blood pressure | Hypertensive patient started on ACE‑I (enalapril) to control BP |
| A174 | ACE2 | Angiotensin‑Converting Enzyme 2 | Enzyme acting as cell receptor for certain coronaviruses; role in RAS | ACE2 expression studied in lungs in relation to COVID‑19 infection |
| A175 | ACL | Anterior Cruciate Ligament | Knee ligament commonly injured in sports | MRI revealed ACL tear after knee twisting injury in athlete |
| A176 | ACLP | Acute-on-Chronic Liver‑Pancreas disease (rare / non‑standard) | Hypothetical combined acute flare on chronic disease — seldom used | Used in case-report describing simultaneous acute pancreatitis + chronic liver disease (illustrative) |
| A177 | ACRP | Acute on Chronic Renal Pathology (rare / non‑standard) | Worsening renal function on background of chronic disease | Chronic kidney disease patient developed ACRP after dehydration (academic usage) |
| A178 | ACSM | American College of Sports Medicine (relevant in physical therapy/rehabilitation) | Organization providing exercise guidelines including in rehab medicine | Physical therapist followed ACSM guidelines for cardiac rehab program |
| A179 | ACT | Activated Clotting Time / Adrenocortical Test (context‑dependent) | Lab/point‑of-care test for anticoagulation / adrenal function test | ACT used to monitor high-dose heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass |
| A180 | ACTG | AIDS Clinical Trials Group | Research network for HIV/AIDS clinical trials | New antiretroviral tested under ACTG protocol in multicenter trial |
| A181 | ACTH‑RST | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Response Stimulation Test | Test of adrenal function by stimulating with ACTH | Abnormal ACTH‑RST confirmed primary adrenal insufficiency |
| A182 | ACTN | Alpha‑Actinin (muscle protein) / Anticoagulant therapy needed (context‑dependent) — rare usage | Structural muscle protein studied in myopathy research | Muscle biopsy immunostaining showed deficiency of ACTN in patient with myopathy |
| A183 | ACTN3 | Alpha‑Actinin‑3 isoform | Muscle protein isoform relevant in athletic performance / muscle disease | Genetic test showed ACTN3 R577X polymorphism associated with sprint performance |
| A184 | ACRS | Acute Coronary Revascularization Surgery (rare shorthand) | Surgery to restore perfusion after coronary occlusion | Patient assigned ACRS (CABG) after failed PCI for MI |
| A185 | ACU | Acupuncture / Ambulatory Care Unit (context‑dependent) | Traditional therapy or hospital unit — context defines meaning | Evening referral to ACU for pain control via traditional therapy |
| A186 | ADA | American Diabetes Association / Adenosine Deaminase (context‑dependent) | Org setting guidelines for diabetes / enzyme used in TB pleural diagnosis | ADA guidelines followed for glycemic control in diabetic patient |
| A187 | ADAMTS | A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs (family of proteins) | Enzymes implicated in connective tissue metabolism and disease | ADAMTS13 deficiency diagnosed in patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| A188 | ADC | Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (MRI metric) | Quantitative measure of water diffusion in tissues on MRI | Low ADC in brain MRI indicated acute ischemic stroke |
| A189 | ADEM | Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | Autoimmune demyelinating disorder of CNS often post‑infection | Child developed ADEM after viral infection — treated with steroids |
| A190 | ADH‑RS | Antidiuretic Hormone – Resistance Syndrome (rare / theoretical) | Condition where body resists ADH action — causing polyuria despite ADH | Described in research as ADH‑RS in patient unresponsive to standard therapy (illustrative) |
| A191 | ADP‑R | Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor (on platelets) | Receptor mediating platelet aggregation — drug target | Patient given clopidogrel — blocks ADP‑R to inhibit platelet aggregation |
| A192 | ADPK | Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney (same as ADPKD — sometimes shortened) | Genetic disease causing kidney cysts | Genetic screening confirmed ADPK in family with history of renal failure |
| A193 | ADP‑GDH | Adenosine Diphosphate – Glucose Dehydrogenase assay (research context) | Enzyme assay in metabolic studies | Used in lab to measure glucose metabolism in diabetic research cells |
| A194 | ADRB | Adrenergic Beta Receptor subtype (e.g., ADRB1, ADRB2) | Receptors responsive to adrenaline/noradrenaline — important in pharmacology | ADRB2 agonist (albuterol) used to treat asthma by bronchodilation |
| A195 | ADT | Androgen Deprivation Therapy | Therapy reducing androgen levels in prostate cancer | ADT initiated in patient with advanced prostate carcinoma |
| A196 | AE | Adverse Event / Atopic Eczema depending on context | Unintended harmful event in trials or chronic skin disease | AE reported during vaccine trial — trial paused for safety review |
| A197 | AECP | Auditory Evoked Cortical Potential | Sleep/evoked potential test measuring brain response to sound | AECP used to test hearing in child with suspected auditory pathway disorder |
| A198 | AFIB | Atrial Fibrillation (alternate spelling to AF) | Irregular heart rhythm from atria | AFIB detected on ECG — anticoagulation considered to prevent stroke |
| A199 | AFM | Acute Flaccid Myelitis | Rare polio‑like neurological disease causing limb weakness | Cluster of AFM cases reported in children after viral illness |
| A200 | AFOS | Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy (sometimes AFLP) — but AFOS used in some case‑reports (rare / non‑standard) | Serious pregnancy complication with liver failure | AFOS suspected when pregnant woman had elevated liver enzymes, hypoglycemia, coagulopathy |
